Cognitive behavioural therapy
One RCT (with a moderate risk of bias) in women after breast cancer found that CBT (90min per week for 6 weeks) significantly improved sleep problems compared with usual care.45 [ES22]
One RCT (with a low risk of bias) in women after breast reported a statistically significant improvement in sleep efficiency scores and sleep latency scores with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTI, 30-60min once a week for 6 weeks) compared to behavioural placebo treatment (BPT); but found no significant improvement on wake after sleep onset scores or number of awakenings with CBTI compared to BPT.79 [ES22]
Hypnotherapy
One RCT (with a moderate risk of bias) in women after breast cancer found that hypnotherapy (once a week for 5 weeks) improved sleep compared with no treatment.48 [ES22]
Relaxation therapy
One small RCT (with an unknown risk of bias) identified in a Systematic Review (with a moderate risk of bias) in menopausal women (excluding trials exclusively conducted in women with breast cancer) found that relaxation therapy significantly improved sleep symptoms compared with waitlist control.63 [ES54]
Acupuncture
One RCT (with a low risk of bias) in women after breast cancer found that acupuncture significantly improved sleep compared with sham acupuncture or no treatment.52 [ES23]
Yoga
One RCT (with a moderate risk of bias) in women after breast cancer found that yoga significantly improved sleep disturbance compared with no intervention.60 [ES23]
One RCT (with an unknown risk of bias) identified in a Systematic Review (with a moderate risk of bias) in menopausal women (excluding trials exclusively conducted in women with breast cancer) found that yoga significantly improved sleep symptoms but there was no significant difference between the effect of yoga and exercise on sleep symptoms.63 One RCT (with a low risk of bias;) in menopause transition and postmenopausal women found that yoga (90min weekly class for 12 weeks) significantly improved insomnia symptoms compared with usual activity.19, 62 [ES53]
Exercise
Two RCTs (with an unknown risk of bias) identified in a Systematic Review (with a moderate risk of bias) in menopausal women (excluding trials exclusively conducted in women with breast cancer) found that physical activity/exercise had no significant effect on sleep symptoms.63 One RCT (with a low risk of bias) in menopause transition and postmenopausal women found that exercise (3 times per week of treadmill, elliptical trainer, or stationary bicycle for 12 weeks) significantly improved sleep quality and insomnia symptoms compared to the usual activity control group.19, 65 [ES52]